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๐Ÿง  Einsteinโ€™s unconventional selection of disciples

In 1935, Albert Einstein, then at Princetonโ€™s Institute for Advanced Study, was tasked with identifying young physicists who could help advance the frontiers of science. Officially, Einstein is famouslyโ€”or infamouslyโ€”credited with having no doctoral students under his guidance, leaving his mathematical and intellectual genealogy a curious anomaly. However, a closer look at his time at Princeton reveals that he did, in a sense, cultivate a cohort of intellectual disciples, using an unconventional method to identify collaborators.

Einsteinโ€™s office was modestโ€”a desk, a chalkboard, and an unusual collection of deliberately โ€œwrongโ€ physics papers. These flawed solutions to famous problems were the centerpiece of Einsteinโ€™s remarkable process for selecting collaborators. Candidates were asked to solve a well-known physics problem, after which Einstein presented them with one of his โ€œwrongโ€ papers. Their task wasnโ€™t to correct the errors, but to react in a way that revealed their intellectual character.

Many candidates, though brilliant, took a conventional approach: they identified the flaws, cited the violated principles, and confidently dismissed the incorrect solutions. Einstein thanked them politely but never invited them back. For him, the ability to spot errors wasnโ€™t the mark of a great thinker.

A select few, however, responded with fascination rather than dismissal. They would immerse themselves in the flawed solutions, asking, โ€œWhat if this were true?โ€ These candidates exhibited the ability to explore the implications of seemingly impossible ideas. Einstein called this mindset โ€œproductive confusionโ€โ€”the willingness to embrace unconventional thinking and entertain the absurd. For Einstein, this was the hallmark of true genius.

Through this process, Einstein indirectly mentored a group of extraordinary individuals who became de facto extensions of his intellectual legacy. John Wheeler, one of his early selections, spent hours grappling with an incorrect quantum mechanics solution. Later, he went on to pioneer black hole physics and quantum information theory. Robert Oppenheimer, similarly inspired by Einsteinโ€™s โ€œwrongโ€ papers, went on to lead the Manhattan Project and revolutionize quantum field theory. These disciples, though not formally his students, carried forward his philosophical and scientific ideals, creating a unique intellectual lineage.

And hereโ€™s where the story gets personal. Through Wheeler, Einsteinโ€™s intellectual lineage is far from lost. Wheeler mentored Charles Misner (Princeton PhD 1957), who in turn mentored Vincent Moncrief (Maryland PhD 1972). Moncrief, as fate would have it, was my doctoral adviser at Yale (Yale PhD 2015). By this quirky intellectual genealogy, I too can trace my lineage back to Einstein, which is an amazing privilege. All glory to God!

์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ œ์ž ์„ ํƒ๋ฒ•

1935๋…„, ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ง€๋„๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ง€์  ์ œ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š”, ์กด ํœ ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ˜๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์€ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ƒ, ์น ํŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณ ์˜๋กœ โ€œํ‹€๋ฆฐโ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž ์„ ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€์›์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณธ ํ›„, ์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์›์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์›์ž๋“ค์€, ๋น„๋ก ๋งค์šฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ธ์žฌ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ , ์œ„๋ฐ˜๋œ ์›์น™๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ž์‹  ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์ค‘ํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ž๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค โ€œ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ?โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ โ€œ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜ผ๋ž€โ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์„ ๊นจ๊ณ  ๋น„์ƒ์‹์ ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์žฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํ‘œ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€์  ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กด ํœ ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ, ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์–‘์ž์ •๋ณด์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์˜คํŽœํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋Š” ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ โ€œํ‹€๋ฆฐโ€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์–‘์ž์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ก ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ง€์  ๊ณ„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ €์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํœ ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฏธ์Šค๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ (ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด 1957๋…„ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„), ๋ฏธ์Šค๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋นˆ์„ผํŠธ ๋ชฝํฌ๋ฆฌํ”„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๋งค๋ฆฌ๋žœ๋“œ 1972๋…„ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„). ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชฝํฌ๋ฆฌํ”„๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€๋„๋ฐ›์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์˜ˆ์ผ 2015๋…„ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„). ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ง€์  ์กฑ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ € ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์€ํ˜œ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ย